winchester disk was introduced in

Later generations progressively reached factories, offices and homes, eventually becoming ubiquitous. Not only was the sealed disk protected against dirt, the R/W head could also fly on a thin air film, very close to the platter. Controls both 5 1/4" and 3 1/2" ST506/412 type Winchester disk drives 32-bit ECC on both ID and data fields Variable sector sizes of 256 bytes, 512 bytes, and 1K bytes Support of a high-speed data search IBM. Wiki User. 4 words related to Winchester: Winchester College, Hampshire, rifle, trademark. The capacity of hard drives has grown exponentially over time. [3] Subsequently there was a period of about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in the secondary storage marketplace, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC FASTRAND, but all ultimately were displaced by HDDs. 1961 Bryant 4000 (Bryant Computer Products division of Ex-Cell-O) up to 205MB on up to 26 29-inch diameter platters. The 3340 offered the optional availability of fixed heads, which provided an average access time of only five milliseconds. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. There was no cover to remove during the insertion process. All Rights Reserved. Future hard drives after the 3340 began to use this as a standard for hard drive development. It had a 20MB capacity on two disk platters. The 3340 featured a smaller, lighter read/write head that could ride closer to the disk surface -- on an air film 18 millionths of an inch thick -- with a load of less than 20 grams. Other articles where Winchester disk is discussed: computer: Secondary memory: with fixed platters known as Winchester disksperhaps because the first ones had two 30-megabyte platters, suggesting the Winchester 30-30 rifle. Introduced by IBM in 1973 as the model 3340, the Winchester disk drive was a hard drive. Policies obsolete product info (html 69 kb . IBM's 3340 Winchester disk system, introduced in 1973, was the first HDD to use a sealed head/disk assembly, which substantially improved performance and is now standard. This hard drive, shipped with the RAMAC 305 system, was the size of two refrigerators and weighed about a ton. A hard drive can be an internal or external device. Stevens, Louis D. Data Storage on Hard Magnetic Disks in Eric D Daniel, C. Denis Mee, Mark H. Clark, eds. The term Winchester comes from an early type of disk drive developed by IBM that had 30MB of fixed storage and 30MB of removable storage; so its inventors called it a Winchester in honor of its 30/30 rifle. In 1964, the IBM 2311 was the first standardized disk drive, which could be used across multiple versions of the System/360 computer. Each generation of disk drives replaced larger, more sensitive and more cumbersome devices. But it was clear that smaller Winchester storage systems were eclipsing large platter hard drives. - The product was recently introduced and there are no new drivers available. Hard disk drives where introduced by IBM in 1956, as stated on Wikipedia "HDDs were introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM real-time transaction processing computer" (Wikipedia). removal storage is known as winchester disk . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Another term for hard disk drive. IBM released Microdrive in 1998, which stored 340MB of data on one 1-inch disk platter. The first Shugart floppy held 100 KBs of data. The following interview was done with Richard Mateosian, who developed a floppy disk operating system for the first "floppies." After numerous references to it as the 30-30, it was nicknamed the "Winchester" because of its resemblance to the similar caliber of a popular Winchester rifle dating . As opposed to other solutions, no new drive type or special software was required that impeded adoption, since all that was necessary was an already common USB port. By putting the head closer. The disk drive grabs the floppy by its center and spins it like a record inside its housing. Capacities begin at 5 Mbytes to 900 Mbytes. These disk drives could be added to older PC models. FLOPPY DISK. The term Winchester comes from an early type of disk drive developed by IBM that had 30MB of fixed storage and 30MB of removable storage; so its inventors called it a Winchester in honor of its 30/30 rifle. [54]:Table 7 In the 1980s US firms, beginning with Seagate, began to shift production to Singapore and then other locations in southeast Asia. The 5150 "PC" wasn't IBM's first attempt at a compact, stand alone computer, although it is by far their most successful. [2] The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically drums and later core memory) but faster and more expensive than tape drives. Introduced in 1980 by Seagate Technology It stores up to 5 megabytes after formatting and cost $1500 The term Winchester was originally used by IBM as a code name for the 3340 disk model prior to its announcement. "* The first 3340 shipments to customers began in November 1973. 1986 saw the introduction of the SCSI interface standard, which was used by Apples Mac Plus computer. This advance meant that the heads could be kept closer to the platters, increasing storage density. Project head Kenneth Haughton named it after the Winchester 30-30 rifle because it was planned to have two 30 MB . The IBM 3340 Direct Access Storage Facility, code-named Winchester, was introduced in March 1973 for use with IBM System/370. Sony Electronics announces the 3.5 inch floppy disk and drive, double-sided, double . It was announced in 1956 with the then new IBM 305 RAMAC computer. In 1953, engineers in IBMs California-based laboratory invented the very first hard drive. A fixed disk may also refer to the disk platter inside of a hard drive. The Rise of Plug-Compatible Equipment Manufacturers . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This was in conjunction with the introduction of the Model 1890 pump-action rifle. In 1969, IBM charged San Jose project manager Kenneth E. Haughton with developing a direct access storage facility that matched the performance of the high-end IBM 3330 system at a price attractive to low-end System/370 computer customers. . 1990s computers become portable Help support the museum by buying from the museum shop, Tel : +44 (0) 1223 214446Donations: collection@computinghistory.org.ukOther Email: admin@computinghistory.org.uk. The disks were 8 inches in diameter and had a capacity of 200K. It had 30 MB of fixed and 30 MB of removable storage; thus earning its nickname after the Winchester 30-30 rifle. Disaster struck Winchester in 1348-49 when the Black Death arrived, brought in from mainland Europe by migrating Asian black rats. 1950s 1970s After the Winchester, lubricated coating became the standard for mechanical hard drive development. Bellis, Mary. This technology and its derivatives remained the standard through 2011. Just as the Japanese have invaded the semiconductor industry, so did they take away part of the drive . This hard drive weighed over 500 pounds and had a 2.5GB capacity. Three versions of the removable IBM 3348 Data Module were sold, one with 35 megabyte capacity, another with 70 megabytes, the third also had 70 megabytes, but with 500 kilobytes under separate fixed heads for faster access. Find out inside PCMag's comprehensive tech and computer-related encyclopedia. A Quarter Century of Disk File Innovation. The IBM 350 Disk File was developed under the code-name RAMAC by an IBM San Jose team led by Reynold Johnson. "Winchester disk" . the disk surface to .000008 inch-a height one-thousandth of the head-to-disk distance in the RAMAC drive. Winchester disk IBM manufactured magnetic disk storage devices from 1956 to 2003, when it sold its hard disk drive business to Hitachi. The floppy disk was considered a revolutionary device in the "history of computers" due to its portability, which provided a new and easy physical means of transporting data from computer to computer. 60 years on, the hard drives of today are unrecognizable from the first models, which took up an entire room. How chemistry is important in our daily life? The term Winchester comes from an early type of disk drive developed by IBM that had 30MB of fixed storage and 30MB of removable storage; so its inventors called it a Winchester in honor of its 30/30 rifle. Wang wanted a smaller floppy disk and drive to use with their desktop computers. Here we take a look back at the evolution of the hard drive as it grew from 5MB to 4TB. Engineers Jim Adkisson and Don Massaro were discussing the size with An Wang of Wang Laboratories. In 1973, Control Data Corporation introduced the first of its series of SMD disk drives using conventional disk pack technology. Although modern disk drives are faster and hold more data, the basic technology is the same, so Winchester has become synonymous with hard. Winchester disk synonyms, Winchester disk pronunciation, Winchester disk translation, English dictionary definition of Winchester disk. "Proposal Random Access File," A. J. Critchlow, IBM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY, San Jose, California, February 6, 1953. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Mary Bellis covered inventions and inventors for ThoughtCo for 18 years. with fixed platters known as Winchester disksperhaps because the first ones had two 30-megabyte platters, suggesting the Winchester 30-30 rifle. Because of this 30/30 configuration, the code name Winchester was selected after the famous Winchester .30-30 rifle; subsequently the capacities were increased, but the code name stuck. In a nutshell, a computer drive, also called a disk drive, is a device that stores digital information from your computer, sort of like keeping beans in a jar. 1982 - At the West Coast Computer Faire, Davong Systems introduces its 5MB Winchester Disk Drive for the IBM PC, for US$2000. 1983: The Apple Motorola 68000 Lisa with 1 megabyte RAM is launched. What does Winchester disk actually mean? If they get scratched, you have to buy a new one.A compact disk was a great invention and still is. A micro Winchester is a memory storage device for personal computers that uses a 5 1/4-inch metal memory disk. Hard drives of today Mateosian is currently a review editor at IEEE Micro in Berkeley, CA. ahead of the pack IBM Marketing Brochure (May 1973), Mulvany, R. B. Engineering Design of a Disk Storage Facility with Data Modules. The disks also had a 30 ms access time, and lubricated coating allowing the heads to remain in contact with the surface when rotation speed changes. The 3340 had two spindles, each storing 30 Megabytes. It featured a smaller, lighter read/write head that was designed to ride on an air film only 18 millionths of an inch . In a span of seven years, 1983 to 1990, Singapore became the single largest location of HDD production, amounting to 55% of worldwide production. The RAMAC disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically core or drum) but faster and more expensive than tape drives. This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 05:17. Hard drives today are measured in terms of gigabytes and terabytes, rather than megabytes-an amount of data that would have been almost unimaginable in the early history of computers. Winchester disk definition: a now obsolete type of hard disk in which the disks were permanently sealed , together. Winchester disk definition, a hard disk that is permanently mounted in its unit. Its removable disk packs were sealed and included the head and arm assembly. Source for information on Winchester technology: A Dictionary of Computing . In 2001 the HDD industry experienced its first ever decline in units and revenue. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 5 Which is a better replacement for a floppy disk? Of course, smaller form factors in and of . 1866. They stored 400kb of data, and later 720K (double-density) and 1.44MB (high-density). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. By 1978, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 1/4" floppy drives that stored up to 1.2MB (megabytes) of data. Here are a few highlights from the early years: Winchester entered the shotshell market in 1886 with Rival brand ammo in 10, 12, 14, 16 and 20 gauge. The IBM 1311 contained 6 disks and could hold 2.6MB of data. Introduced in 1973 as the model 3340, the drive had one permanent and one removable spindle, each holding 30MB. Unit volume and industry revenue monotonically increased during the 1990s to 174 million units and $26 billion.[19]. 1996 Disk Trend Report Rigid Disk Drives, Figure 2 Unit Shipment Summary, "NEW PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENT- IBM 305 RAMAC," IBM Announcement Letter 256-114, September 4, 1956, "NEW PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENT- RAM 650," IBM Announcement Letter 256-117, September 4, 1956, {"Design of a Swinging Arm Actuator for a disk file" J. S. HEATH IBM J. RES. Hard drives continued to become smaller with the launch of the Integra Peripherals 1.8-inch disk in 1991 and the HP Kittyhawk 1.3-inch hard drive in 1992. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. [6] As of August2020[update], desktop hard disk drives typically had a capacity of 1 to 8 terabytes, with the largest-capacity drives reaching 20 terabytes (single-disk drives, "dual" drives are available up to 24TB). The nickname "floppy" came from the disk's flexibility. Western Digital still manufactures its read-write head wafers in Fremont CA. > In 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3340 "Winchester" disk drive, the first significant commercial use of low mass and low load heads with lubricated platters. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Please be assured that any amount you feel able to donate will make an immediate and significant impact. A floppy is a circle of magnetic material similar to other kinds of recording tape such as cassette tape, where one or two sides of the disk are used for recording. IBM started using the 720 KB double density 3-inch microfloppy disk on its Convertible laptop computer in 1986 and the 1.44 MB high-density version with the IBM Personal System/2 (PS/2) line in 1987. TechnologyAdvice does not include all companies or all types of products available in the marketplace. When did IBM start using microfloppy disk drives? PCMag, PCMag.com and PC Magazine are among the federally registered trademarks of Ziff Davis and may not be used by third parties without explicit permission. It was an 8-inch flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic iron oxide. In 1961, the IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit was released, which utilized heads that floated on a thin layer of air. By the late 1980s, 3.5-inch disks were a hit and 5.25-inch disks were . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Flash-based USB-thumb drives finally were a practical and popular replacement, that supported traditional file systems and all common usage scenarios of floppy disks. The entire operating system and all of the application programs were in HP 2100 series assembly language. The structure of the software evolved from Gary Hornbuckle's 1968 paper "Multiprocessing Monitor for Small Machines" and from PDP8-based systems I worked on at Berkeley Scientific Laboratories (BSL) in the late 1960s. Before we get into hard drives you might want to check out jam thrill speakers for some great speakers that sound amazing! The cost per megabyte of Winchester drives was 30 percent less than the cost of disk-pack drives of equivalent capacity. The disk is essentially a platter made of aluminum or other base material, coated with iron-oxide or other magnetizable . Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all researchers regardless of technical background. Our expert industry analysis and practical solutions help you make better buying decisions and get more from technology. 2008: The 32 GB SDHC and 12 GB Micro SDHC is in development by Sandisk. "History of the Floppy Disk." The industry grew slowly at first with three additional companies in the market by 1964, Anelex Corp., Bryant Computer Products and Data Products Corp.[51] The industry grew rapidly in the late 1960s and again in the 1980s reaching a peak of 75 manufacturers in 1984. Introduced in 1973 as the model 3340, the drive had one permanent and one removable spindle, each holding 30MB. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The IBM3340 hard disk drive (HDD) that began shipping in November 1973 pioneered new low-cost, low-load, landing read/write heads with lubricated disks, and established what became the dominant HDD technology. Slim, trim, strong and easy handling, the 1892 chambered the same .32-20, .38-40 and .44-40 handgun calibers that Colt was offering in the Peacemaker, making the new design an instant success. Following a development effort that began in the summer of 1969, the IBM 3340 disk unit was introduced in March 1973 with an advanced disk technology known as "Winchester."* The first 3340 shipments to customers began in November 1973. Where did the name Winchester disk drive come from? CP/M was created in the 1970s. Disk media diameter was initially 24 inches, but over time it has been reduced to today's 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch standard sizes. The 3.5-inch disk drive had a capacity of 16.8GB. The term Winchester comes from an early type of disk drive developed by IBM that had 30MB of fixed storage and 30MB of removable storage; so its inventors called it a Winchester in honor of its 30/30 rifle. Which is a better replacement for a floppy disk? History of the Floppy Disk. Its removable disk packs were sealed and included the head and arm assembly. What are the Disadvantages of compact disk? The same year, IBM sold its data storage division to Hitachi. profiles, Storage 1980s The era of home computing DEVELOP. Industry participation peaked with about 75 active manufacturers in 1985 and then declined thereafter even though volume continued to climb: by 1989 reaching 22 million units and US$23 billion in revenue. What is a Winchester disk? . In 1997, IBM introduced the first hard drive to use giant magneto resistive (GMR) heads, the Titan. [ 1970-75; orig. In 1961, it invented drive heads in the form of airfoils that hovered just above the surface of the disks, which is the standard for today. The display of third-party trademarks and trade names on this site does not necessarily indicate any affiliation or the endorsement of PCMag. Additional uses for the floppy were later discovered, making it the hot new program and file storage medium. 1862. The name stuck in the USSR, Hungary and possibly other countries as an umbrella term for all hard drives; it is still in wide use today. In 1890 they introduced the .22 Winchester Rimfire cartridge (now obsolete). Manufacturing began in California's Silicon Valley in 1957 with IBM's production shipment of the first HDD, the IBM RAMAC 350. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. As of 2020 SSDs started to compete with HDDs. Physical Characteristics Winchester Disk Format (Seagate ST506) The ST-506 was the first 5.25 inch hard disk drive. In 1970, IBM introduced the 2305 disk drive, with a head per track. IBM 3340 direct access storage facility (Retrieved on 1.31.15 from. Winchester disk drive. The term Winchester comes from an early . It featured a smaller, lighter read/write head that was designed to ride on an air film only 18 millionths of an inch thick. In the early 1990s, the 3 -inch floppy disk was the most widely used removable storage system for personal . Reviewing the history of the disk drive market in 1998, industry analyst Disk/Trend president James Porter described the 1980 introduction of the Seagate ST506 5.25-inch 5MB unit as the model "that created the biggest change in the industry.". Up until now, in this segment, the two main leaders, Syquest and Ricoh had reached 44 and 50MB respectively. Winchester disk assemblies are put together in clean rooms so even microscopic dust particles do not get on the disk . In 1974 IBM introduced the "Swinging arm" actuator, made possible because Winchester recording heads function well when skewed to the recorded tracks. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In 1961 IBM introduced the model 1311 disk drive, which was about the size of a washing machine and stored two million characters on a removable disk "pack." . . . A shoebox-sized 5.25-inch Winchester was introduced in 1980, and an industry was born. Webopedia focuses on connecting researchers with IT resources that are most helpful for them. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The term Winchester comes from an early type of disk drive developed by IBM that had 30MB of fixed storage and 30MB of removable storage; so its inventors called it a Winchester in honor of its 30/30 rifle. This rapidly became a standard design within the disk manufacturing community. [9] A single head assembly having two heads was used for access to all the platters, yielding an average access time of just under 1 second. All three companies were shipping 4TB drives between 2011 and 2012. The IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit,[10] announced in 1961, introduced the usage of heads having self-acting air bearings (self-flying heads) with one head per each surface of the disks. The word fixed is used because the drives are internal or in an enclosure thats not easily removed. See also Winchester. Access times were from 50 to 205 milliseconds (ms). How long is it safe to use nicotine lozenges? IBM introduced the memory disk, or floppy disk, which was an 8-inch floppy plastic disk coated with iron oxide. However price and capacity limitations mean that they are still a less popular choice, mainly used in netbooks and ultra portable computer systems. Winchester disks were so named after the 30-30 Winchester rifle because the early Winchester disk systems had two 30-MB disks sealed together with the disk drive. Also this year, IBM released the 3370 model, which was the first to use thin film heads. Other words that entered English at around . It does not store any personal data. The read/write head, much like the head on a tape deck, contacts the surface through an opening in the plastic shell or envelope. Synonyms for Winchester drives in Free Thesaurus. A Winchester disk is a Disk Stack. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The term later referred to all fixed hard disks because the heads and platters are always encased in the same, sealed unit. The number of industry participants decreased to six in 2009 and to three in 2013. In 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3340 "Winchester" disk drive, the first significant commercial use of low mass and low load heads with lubricated platters. 1980: The 5 1/2" Winchester disk drive floppy is created. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/invention-of-the-floppy-disk-1991405. Policies obsolete product info (html 69 kb) . Cybersecurity news and best practices are full of acronyms and abbreviations. "History of the Floppy Disk." She is known for her independent films and documentaries, including one about Alexander Graham Bell. Primary storage (also known as main memory ) is the component of the computer that holds data , programs and instructions that are currently in use. A track density of 300 tracks per inch and an access time of 25 milliseconds were achieved. Three models were announced, the 3340-A2 with two drives and a controller, the models B2 (two . It had a capacity of 5MB and cost $1,500. In the middle of 1970s, a 5.25 diskette was introduced. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. From beginning and into the early 1980s manufacturing was mainly by US firms in the United States at locations such as Silicon Valley, Los Angeles, Minnesota and Oklahoma City. A Winchester disk is a Disk Stack. It stored 1GB of data on eight disks. The IBM 350 drive had fifty 24-inch (0.6m) platters, with a total capacity of five million 6-bit characters (3.75 megabytes). Following a development effort that began in the summer of 1969, the IBM 3340 disk unit was introduced in March 1973 with an advanced disk technology known as "Winchester. Named after the .30-caliber Winchester rifle, the 3340 Winchester disk drive is a hard drive developed by IBM that had two 30MB capacity and offered a 30 millisecond (ms) access time. Manufacturers such as IBM, DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued to manufacture 14-inch hard drive systems as industry demanded higher storage; one such drive is the 1980 2.52 GB IBM 3380. With the 1770 Disc interface fitted, the BBC Micro could be upgraded with the Advanced Disc Filing System ROM (see also Winchester Disc System). Named after the 3030 Winchester rifle, as the original device would have had 3030 as its IBM number. Two years later in 1984, Apple released their new Macs with the 3.5-inch disk drives and in 1985 Atari adopted the new size. Spurred on by the RAMAC series' success at high profile venues, like the 1960 Olympic Winter Games, IBM made more headway. https://www.thoughtco.com/invention-of-the-floppy-disk-1991405 (accessed March 4, 2023). Our unit was marketed by Watford Electronics for use with the BBC Micro and has a serial number of M00612232. What other two military branches fall under the US Navy? . The Winchester technology allowed the head to land and take off from the disk media as the disk spun up and down. This technology and its derivatives remained the sta. The 1982 NTT "PATTY" HDD was helium filled but was considered a failure at least in part due to helium leakage, see: Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 05:17, "IBM Archives: IBM 1301 disk storage unit", "Data Storage, Data Backup and Storage Virtualization: Walking Through 50 Years of Hard Disk Drive History (slide 6)", "IBM Archives: IBM 3340 direct access storage facility", "Fujitsu to Split Off HDD Business in Reorganization", "Thailand Flooding Cripples Hard-Drive Suppliers", "Western Digital's flood-hit Thailand ops to hurt company", "Farming hard drives: how Backblaze weathered the Thailand drive crisis", "IDF: Western Digital demonstrates 5mm thick hard disks", "Worldwide unit shipments of hard disk drives (HDD) from 1976 to 2022 (in millions)", "Western Digital's 22TB hard drives are available to buy", "HDD competitors enter the market, Bryant Computer Products introduces units storing up to 205MB", "IBM Arrchives: IBM 3380 direct access storage device", "Seagate - Maximize data's potential | Seagate US", "First serial ATA drives hit store shelves", "Seagate Ships Second Serial ATA Drive - ExtremeTech", "Seagate and Intel Demonstrate First Serial ATA Hard Drive at PC Expo; Seagate to Ship Serial ATA Product This Fall | News Archive | Seagate US", "Toshiba: Press Releases 14 December, 2004", "Western Digital shipping high-speed 2TB hard drive", "Transition to Advanced Format 4K Sector Hard Drives", "TDK Finally Crams 2TB on One 3.5-inch HDD Platter", "FTC: Western Digital and Hitachi must give assets and IP rights to Toshiba (update: sale approved)", "Toshiba Expands Product Portfolio with 3.5-Inch Client Hard Disk Drives ", Decades of Proven Research Underpin Seagates Helium Drive, "HGST ships first 6TB helium-filled hard drives", "HGST Announces Radically New, Helium-Filled Hard Disk Drive Platform - HGST", "Helium Drives Cloud Storage", Computer History Museum, Data Storage Milestone, "Seagate Delivers On Technology Milestone: First To Ship Hard Drives Using Next-Generation Shingled Magnetic Recording", "HISTORY: List of 221 Companies in HDD Manufacturing Since 1956", "Sustaining Competitive Advantage in Global Industries: Technological Change and Foreign Assembly in the Hard Disk Drive Industry", "A Quarter Century of Disk File Innovation", A brief history of hard drives, retrieved 2014 Jan 11, Timeline, 50 years of hard drives retrieved 2010 Nov 25, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_hard_disk_drives&oldid=1141857917.



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