the distinguishing feature of a coronavirus is its:

Details of manufacturing processes may differ between the companies, and subtle product-specific variations of RNA sequences were recently confirmed by comparative analyses of RNA extracted from original vials of the two vaccines (https://github.com/NAalytics/Assemblies-of-putative-SARS-CoV2-spike-encoding-mRNA-sequences-for-vaccines-BNT-162b2-and-mRNA-1273/blob/main/Assemblies%20of%20putative%20SARS-CoV2-spike-encoding%20mRNA%20sequences%20for%20vaccines%20BNT-162b2%20and%20mRNA-1273.docx.pdf). 21, 83100 (2021). The components used for LNP formulation include phospholipids, cholesterol, special cationic (ionizable) lipids and polyethylene glycol (PEGylated) lipids that are mixed in a sophisticated and critical production step (parts of which are not documented in the published literature) to yield the final vaccine53. Tumban, E. Lead SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines: expectations from phase III Trials and recommendations post-vaccine approval. These are the products (in alphabetical order) of CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Janssen-Johnson&Johnson, Oxford-AstraZeneca and The Gamaleya Institute Moscow (Table1). https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107659 (2021). Microbiol. In some cases, they could co-exist, increasing the chance of a more unfortunate outcome. Nature 586, 578582 (2020). The domains were colored according to reference.20. 46, 429430 (2021). . Proc. Expert Rev. NYU scientists: Largest US study of COVID-19 finds obesity the single 1; Black students are more likely than White students to receive harsher consequences . Efficient formation of such antibodies by B cells requires helper functions of CD4 T cells that are specifically stimulated by peptides derived from the same antigen in complex with MHCII molecules. Development of chimpanzee adenoviruses as vaccine vectors: challenges and successes emerging from clinical trials. Compared to mRNA vaccines, adenovirus-vector vaccines comprise several additional layers of complexity (including production in mammalian cell cultures) that can lead to heterogeneities of immune reactions and adverse effects. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: interim results from a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial, and 3-month follow-up of a double-blind, randomised phase 1 trial. Here, we briefly discuss existing data and describe distinguishing features that can contribute to differences among vaccine responses independent of the structure and presentation of the S immunogen. Effects of pre-existing and vaccination-induced immunity against the vector are a special feature of adenovirus vector vaccines. The often-milder symptoms of a Covid-19 breakthrough infection in vaccinated peoplesometimes including a runny nose or sneezing can make it even harder to distinguish between the two illnesses,. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Symptoms, Causes & Prevention Twitter users slammed a new ad from Hershey's Canada featuring trans woman Fae Johnstone as the face of its "International Woman's Day" campaign. Adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines promote substantially different innate responses that will certainly influence the nature of adaptive immune responses43. PubMed Central Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action F. Heinz, K. Stiasny Published 16 August 2021 Biology NPJ Vaccines COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Science 372, 466 (2021). Each monomer of S is composed of several structural elements, including the N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) in S1, which occlude the S2 moiety in the native S trimer (Fig. It is unclear, at present, which influences anti-vector responses will have on necessary COVID-19 booster vaccinations in the future. The Differences Between COVID-19 and the Common Cold - Verywell Family Slider with three articles shown per slide. Lopez Bernal, J. et al. Winkler, E. S. et al. Antiviral Res. However, the authors discuss evidence of shedding of the cleaved S1 portion78, which has also been observed in model studies with unmodified S proteins compared to mutationally stabilized proteins18 (Fig. van Doremalen, N. et al. Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions for optimal therapeutic protection. PubMed Central 122). & Fox, G. J. Blood 110, 19161923 (2007). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. The results from a hydrogeological study at LithiumBank Resources Corp (TSX-V:LBNK)'s 100%-owned Park Place lithium brine project, located in Alberta are "surprisingly favorable," according to analysts at Noble Capital.. 8, 654866 (2021). Hofman, K., Shenoy, G. N., Chak, V. & Balu-Iyer, S. V. Pharmaceutical aspects and clinical evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines. Pollard, A. J. Luckily, Apple is known for its uncompromising screen standards, and the new iPad and iPad Air are no different. Nature 586, 583588 (2020). The trigger comprises binding of RBD to ACE2 and a further proteolytic cleavage by cellular proteases (in addition to the furin cleavage between S1 and S2) at the so-called S2 site, resulting in the removal of a small sequence element and the exposure of the fusion peptide at the N-terminus of S2 (Fig. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Trends Biochem. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques. Self-adjuvanted mRNA vaccines induce local innate immune responses that lead to a potent and boostable adaptive immunity. J. Med.383, 26032615 (2020). Zeng, C., Zhang, C., Walker, P. G. & Dong, Y. Formulation and delivery technologies for mRNA vaccines. CAS Cai, Y. et al. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 326 (2021). Google Scholar. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants. Th1 skewed immune response of whole virion inactivated SARS CoV 2 vaccine and its safety evaluation. Another BPL-inactivated whole-virus vaccine in development (by the European company Valneva) makes use of Alum in combination with CpG to induce preferentially a desired Th1 response138, and a similar effect has been attributed to the Matrix-MTM adjuvant used in the Novavax subunit vaccine99,101,102. Kustin, T. et al. Burki, T. K. Challenges in the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. Med. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. The amount of impurities depends on the purification steps applied in the manufacturing process. Folegatti, P. M. et al. COVID-19 and the flu have many symptoms in common, including: Fever Cough Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Tiredness Sore throat Runny or stuffy nose Muscle aches Headache Nausea or vomiting, but this is more common in children than in adults The signs and symptoms of both diseases can range from no symptoms to mild or severe symptoms. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the highly contagious infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a catastrophic effect on the world's demographics resulting in more than 6 million deaths worldwide, emerging as the most consequential global health crisis since the era of the influenza Rev. 4b)70. Details of the engineered leader sequence in the ChAdOX1-S vaccine are difficult to track, but likely comprise 32 to 34 amino acids of tPA (according to a document of the European Medicines Agency assessing thrombotic post-vaccination events, EMA/205598/2021) and may contain a P to A mutation at position 22 to improve processing by signal peptidase80. 3b)53,54. Head-to-head comparisons of mRNA vaccines will be informative to identify and evaluate differences of innate and adaptive responses as well as reactogenicity between representatives of this class of COVID-19 vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines. Cai, Y. et al. Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. b Trimeric pre-fusion spike with one RBD in up position. Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an enveloped RNA virus that is diversely found in humans and wildlife. For meaningful conclusions, studies on these topics will require head-to-head comparisons of vaccines, and corresponding publications are expected to expand rapidly in the near future. Although the constructs for all four adenovirus-vector vaccines contain the full-length spike protein, there are some differences in construct design with respect to mutations for stabilizing S as well as to the signal peptide at the N-terminus of S that require attention. A plethora of viral mutants arose and spread since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2104,105. Preprint at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-558954/v1 (2021). Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has resulted in an estimated 470,000 deaths worldwide to date. DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF THE WORK: An employee in this class is responsible for performing basic nursing skills in a clinic or other settings . 1, 2) in tissues after intramuscular application. Lancet 397, 13511362 (2021). and K.S. Key features of the vaccines discussed in this review are summarized in Table1. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data. Cell 184, 39363948.e3910 (2021). Igyrt, B. Brun, J. et al. The RBD oscillates between an up and down position, and interaction with the cellular receptor (ACE2) is only possible with the transiently exposed RBD in the up position20,21. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis and relevant structural features of the viral spike as a basis for understanding differences of its presentation in current COVID-19 vaccines. Such effects have been specifically shown for the ionizable lipid component in LNPs124. These vaccines are now used worldwide for mass immunization programs, and data on vaccine efficacies justify the hope that vaccination can indeed be the main instrument for preventing serious disease and death, and more generally for combating the pandemic1,2,3,4. Curr. Due to their capacity to stimulate innate responses, the genetic vaccines are referred to as being self-adjuvanted55,136. C. R. Biol. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Email COVID19@michigan.gov. BMJ 373, n958 (2021). Voss, W. N. et al. Rev. N. Engl. Neither can give you COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the common cold are examples of coronaviruses that cause illness in humans. [114] Curr. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. The current global pandemic, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in December 2019. Lancet Infect. ; Writing: F.X.H. Barnes, C. O. et al. Choe, H. & Farzan, M. How SARS-CoV-2 first adapted in humans. Article Structure 28, 12181224.e1214 (2020). J. Med. Section navigation Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Feature stories Situation reports; Media resources. Despite the absence of S2-stabilizing mutations, structural studies of the S protein expressed in HeLa cells from the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine provided evidence for proper folding and presentation of the trimeric pre-fusion conformation at the cellular plasma membrane78. Voysey, M. et al. Lancet 397, 99111 (2021). Liu, C. et al. Article ACS Central Sci. Nat. Mol. Ke, Z. et al. Matrix-M adjuvant induces local recruitment, activation and maturation of central immune cells in absence of antigen. & Verrier, B. Tailoring mRNA vaccine to balance innate/adaptive immune response. Article Schmidt, T. et al. "As a council member, I'm disappointed and appalled that no one else would think that there was anything wrong with this report," said Jones, a Democrat who represents District 2. Front. Preprint at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440647v2 (2021). 2c). Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 133, 271283 (2021). Delrue, I., Verzele, D., Madder, A. Therefore, the landscape of vaccines becoming available for general use may expand in the near future. Antibodies elicited by mRNA-1273 vaccination bind more broadly to the receptor binding domain than do those from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blumenthal, K. G. et al. PubMed Central Google Scholar. Med. Planas, D. et al. In predynastic Egypt, Atum was a solar deity associated with the sun god Ra . The architecture of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with postfusion spikes revealed by Cryo-EM and Cryo-ET. ISSN 2059-0105 (online). Details of purification procedures of the Bharat vaccine and the degree of cellular contaminants in the Sinopharm vaccine (which is less purified than that of Sinovac according to ref. PLoS ONE 7, e41451 (2012). What is coronavirus? COVID-19 explained | CNN Phase 1-2 trial of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine. Indeed, substantially reduced neutralization titers against some VOCs were observed with sera after immunization with mRNA and adenovirus vector vaccines106,107,108,109, pointing to the importance of the problem. Dicks, M. D. J. et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Science 370, 950 (2020). J. When S is synthesized as an isolated protein (Fig. Antiviral Res 176, 104742104742 (2020). Google Scholar. Front. Sometimes a common cold can inhibit your sense of smell or taste, but this is due to mucus build-up and congestion. It has been confirmed that the recent outbreak and epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by a new coronavirus that has been named SARS-CoV-2. 4c). Encapsulating the RNA genome is the viral envelope (teal . It was suggested that the acquisition of the furin-cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein was essential for zoonotic transfer to humans. Immunol. Polack, F. P. et al. PubMed Eichinger, K. M. et al. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals. Cell Host Microbe 28, 586601.e586 (2020). In conclusion, since the emergence of COVID-19 pneumonia and due to its similar radiological patterns, we believe that a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR should be systematically realized in case of respiratory . Persistence of RNA and its expression after different routes of application (including intramuscular) appears to be short (at least in mice), with a maximum of 10 days60. Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and Earle, K. A. et al. Zhang, J. et al. 7, 594602 (2021). Nature 586, 567571 (2020). 21, 195197 (2021). 4a) and the additional deletion of E319,61,62,64,65,69. A. 384, 403416 (2021). Johnson's approach to campaigning provides an additional reason for concern. COVID-19 disease caused by the infection of coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2. The study revealed that the vaccine contains vast numbers and amounts of cellular proteins from the human HEK293 production cell line, in addition to adenoviral proteins and the S protein, which is apparently also synthesized already during the manufacturing process. Google Scholar. This is why it's very important that we socially distance from other people, and wear a mask. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. c Expression of spike in cells of vaccinated individuals. Science 372, 525 (2021). As outlined in the preceding sections, substantial differences appear to exist among current vaccines that can affect the conformation of S and its presentation to the immune system. Baldo, A., Leunda, A., Willemarck, N. & Pauwels, K. Environmental risk assessment of recombinant viral vector vaccines against SARS-Cov-2. Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Extensive modifications by N- and O-glycosylation occur in the compartments encountered by S during its intracellular transport18. Unmodified mRNA in LNPs constitutes a competitive technology for prophylactic vaccines. Prevention of infection with the Beta, Gamma and Delta variants might be lower, although evidence indicates substantial protection from severe disease after two vaccinations110,112,113. Science 369, 956 (2020). On the positive side, results of efficacy as well as field effectiveness studies in various countries using different vaccines indicated a high degree of protection also against circulating VOCs, in particular against the Alpha variant2,98,110,111. To help spearhead significant victories . Rubin, R. COVID-19 vaccines vs variantsdetermining how much immunity is enough. Cell 181, 281292.e286 (2020). Thiagarajan, K. Covid-19: India is at centre of global vaccine manufacturing, but opacity threatens public trust. High-resolution structural analysis revealed that the purified protein is stably locked in the preferred pre-fusion conformation, in part as free trimers and in part as multitrimer complexes103. Heath, P. T. et al. Collectively, these data showed that the most potently neutralizing antibodies were specific for the RBD27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34, but several strongly neutralizing antibodies also recognized the NTD27,34,35,36,37, and some were dependent on the quaternary assembly of the trimer27,38. Lancet 397, 23312333 (2021). Innate responses to RNA that enters cells from the outside (such as in RNA virus infections or mRNA vaccination) differ from those stimulated by adenoviruses, because RNA is sensed by other PRRs, including TLR3, TLR7 and TLR8, all located in endosomes134,135. Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J. & Weissman, D. Recent advances in mRNA vaccine technology. We have reviewed the most apparent and significant differences among the vaccines as far as they can be recognized from published literature, which unfortunately is still incomplete. Variations include (but are not limited to) the type of adenovirus used as a vector, genetic modifications of the vector, the cell lines used for vaccine production, procedures for purification, and the specific design of the gene for expressing S (Table1). They are called "corona" because of crown-like spikes on the surface of the virus. 21, 637646 (2021). More or less shedding of S1 and conversion of S2 into its post-fusion structure (S2*) may occur in the absence of stabilizing mutations. Immunol 11, 1673 (2020). COVID-19 vs. flu: Similarities and differences - Mayo Clinic There is an urgent need to clarify the pathogenic mechanism underlying the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Distinguishing viral pneumonia from bacterial pneumonia is difficult in the community. 8, 14301435 (2011). McCoy, K. et al. Nat. Adv. 178, 104792104792 (2020). 17, 13331339 (2009). 1b). Both of these technologies have already been applied successfully to the production of vaccines against other viral diseases84. Coughlan, L. Factors which contribute to the immunogenicity of non-replicating adenoviral vectored vaccines. Same Approach, Different Face: No Real Options In Chicago Mayoral Elections So far, no data are available that would allow a direct comparison of the various vaccines and their effectiveness against the different VOCs. Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that contain RNA (instead of DNA, like people have). Lutz, J. et al. Piccoli, L. et al. A total of six species have been identified to cause disease in humans. Dis. Zhao, P. et al. Duan, L. et al. J. Virol. No, It's Not Surprising That A Nurse Got COVID-19 After His First 11, 589833 (2020). JAMA 324, 951960 (2020). . et al. . The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein biosynthesis, structure, function, and antigenicity: implications for the design of spike-based vaccine immunogens. Increasing evidence indicates that neutralizing antibodies are indeed a reliable correlate of protection5,6,7,8,9. Hodgson, S. H. et al. So far, results of phase III clinical efficacy trials were reported and published for a single subunit vaccine only98, which is manufactured by the company Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) (Table1)98,99 and is still in a stage before regulatory approval100. 384, 18851898 (2021). Coronavirus - BBC News Prefusion RSV F immunization elicits Th2-mediated lung pathology in mice when formulated with a Th2 (but not a Th1/Th2-balanced) adjuvant despite complete viral protection. Recently, data from a phase 3 clinical trial became available, showing a relatively low efficacy of 47% at preventing disease (https://www.curevac.com/en/2021/06/16/curevac-provides-update-on-phase-2b-3-trial-of-first-generation-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-cvncov/), well below the efficacies reported for the BionTech-Pfizer and Moderna vaccines46,47 and below the requirement of at least 50% efficacy proposed by WHO (https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/considerations-for-the-assessment-of-covid-19-vaccines-for-listing-by-who). 10, 28752884 (2014). However, there may be important clues in the history and the examination that can help differentiate the two. 41). Get full coverage of the Coronavirus pandemic including the latest news, analysis, advice and explainers from across the UK and around the world. Cell Host Microbe 29, 508515 (2021). Drug Discov. The development of COVID-19 vaccines was extremely fast and successful, with several manufacturers having obtained market authorization for their products within the first year from the identification of the virus (SARS-CoV-2). AZD1222-induced neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles containing the mutation D614G in S) may be more stable95,96 and therefore could serve as an improved substrate for the production of inactivated vaccines. Despite incompletely resolved questions (e.g. Mol. 383, 23202332 (2020). Share information from trusted sources. In the following sections, we will discuss these basic differences, and provide information on variations and modifications that can affect the structural integrity of the spike in genetic and conventional vaccines. The unifying feature of all current adenovirus-vaccine vectors is the replacement of one of the early adenoviral genes (E1) for the full-length SARS-Cov-2 S gene in the adenoviral DNA (Fig. N. Engl. Graham, C. et al. Internet Explorer). 133). & Bijker, E. M. A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Hasan, T., Beardsley, J., Marais, B. J., Nguyen, T. A. Club-shaped glycoprotein spikes in the envelope give the viruses a crownlike, or coronal, appearance. Coronavirus | Definition, Features, & Examples | Britannica Another inactivated whole-virus vaccine using similar technology is produced by the Indian company Bharat and has received emergency use authorization in India even before completion of phase III clinical trials91 (Table1). Like many other viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus. Science 370, 1089 (2020). Reimer, J. M. et al. distinguishing feature of COVID-19 compared with other infective pneumonias and its association with disease severity Meera Mehta ,1 Hakim Ghani ,1 Felix Chua,2,3 Adrian Draper,4 Sam Calmonson,1 Meghna Prabhakar,1 Rijul Shah,1 Alessio Navarra,1 Tejal Vaghela,1 Andrew Barlow,1 Rama Vancheeswaran1 Heinz, F.X., Stiasny, K. Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action. Vasileiou, E. et al. ; Visualization: F.X.H. However, the absence of interactions with other viral components for particle assembly may modulate glycosylation patterns and stability of the S trimers. There are still small outbreaks of this coronavirus (MERS-CoV) today. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 and has caused a pandemic of acute respiratory. Manipulations of the authentic viral signal sequence may cause inhomogeneities of the N-terminus and impair native folding of S19 (see also section Adenovirus-vector vaccines and Fig. Patent WO/2018/215766 (WIPO IP Portal, 2018). Release 217, 345351 (2015). 1a)15. 2c)20,21. Some spike molecules, not assembled into virions, are also transported to the plasma membrane despite the presence of an ER retention signal15. It is believed (but not systematically studied and formally shown) that muscle cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and/or immune cells such as dendritic cells contribute to the expression of S after intramuscular vaccination40,41,42. Currently, a slightly but significantly increased risk of thrombotic events (including cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) was reported after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca and Janssen adenovirus vector vaccines and has raised considerable concern74,75. Vaccin Immunother. PubMed Google Scholar. 5). Distinguishing COVID-19 using Chest X-Rays | Analytics Insight Rosa, S. S., Prazeres, D. M. F., Azevedo, A. M. & Marques, M. P. C. mRNA vaccines manufacturing: challenges and bottlenecks. The signal sequence is cleaved off by signal peptidase attached to the inner ER membrane, generating the final N-terminus of the viral spike protein (14-QCVNL). COVID-19 diagnosis from CT scans and chest X-ray images using - PLOS Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Lancet 397, 671681 (2021). Coronavirus is mostly spread through the air, when people are in close contact with each other. Introduction of two prolines and removal of the polybasic cleavage site lead to higher efficacy of a recombinant spike-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in the mouse model. Science 369, 650 (2020). b Schematic of a lipidnanoparticle (LNP) used for delivery of mRNA vaccines. Lancet Respiratory Med. 88) could not be found in the literature. Adjuvants for coronavirus vaccines. In the BionTech-Pfizer and Moderna vaccines this problem was taken into account by modifications of the RNA sequence and the inclusion of m1 (section mRNA vaccines), which is not contained in CureVacs mRNA vaccine56. The RNA in this vaccine is also codon-optimized and contains modifications to improve its performance, butdifferent from the BioNTech-Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines described aboveit does not contain the m1 nucleoside modifications57,58. Artificial Intelligence Augmentation of Radiologist Performance in Manish Sadarangani, Arnaud Marchant & Tobias R. Kollmann, Samir Andrade Mendona, Reka Lorincz, David T. Curiel, Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis, Andrs Lpez-Corts, Esteban Ortiz Prado, Guido Forni, Alberto Mantovani & on behalf of the COVID-19 Commission of Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Milja Belik, Pinja Jalkanen, Ilkka Julkunen, Aileen Ebenig, Mona V. Lange & Michael D. Mhlebach, Neeltje van Doremalen, Jonathan E. Schulz, Vincent J. Munster, Chih-Jung Chen, Lan-Yan Yang, Kuan-Ying A. Huang, Simon P. Graham, Rebecca K. McLean, Teresa Lambe, npj Vaccines



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