rajatarangini was translated into persian by

Translate poyu ta from Persian to Tagalog - MyMemory Kalhana was a poet. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. 23 February 2011. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. 0 0 Similar questions He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Turn on. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Persian Literature During Delhi Sultanate - MCQ Books The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. Translations. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Verse 14. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. . Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Rajatarangini belongs. Verse 15. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Concerning past occasions. You can try more lenient search to get some results. It is by late Vidwan T.K. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Verse 15. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. No examples found, consider adding one please. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Match words . Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Son of Partha. Rajatarangini - Wikipedia Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. . The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. Translating the Past: Rethinking Rajatarangini Narratives in Colonial [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). in Persian - Gilaki-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Abstract. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. The Journal of Asian Studies He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. He was (I.191) the first of his race. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Persian Literature: How Kashmir Came To Be Known As 'Little Iran' Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Check ' ' translations into Persian. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? all exact any . Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. PDF Translating the Past: Rethinking 'Rajatarangini' Narratives in - JSTOR Verse 13. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then 1 The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. ). Rajatarangini | Sanskrit, Chronicle, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Answer. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. From Stein's translation:[3]. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Verse 12. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Jonaraja The. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. Rajatarangini - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Verse 7. . translator of the Rajataragini. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Answer. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). After that, the English translation. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier.



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